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The Molniya 8K78 (Russian: Молния, meaning "lightning") was a modification of the well-known R-7 Semyorka rocket and had four stages. The 8K78 resulted from a crash program by the Korolev Bureau to develop a booster for launching planetary probes. A larger third stage was added along with a fourth stage (Blok L) that was designed to fire in-orbit to send the payload out of LEO. The basic R-7 core was also structurally strengthened and given more powerful engines. A rushed development produced multiple malfunctions of the upper stages, which led to its being replaced by the improved Molniya M in 1964. ==See also== *Molniya-L *Molniya-M *Soyuz launch vehicle *Voskhod rocket *Astron *Granat *Luna Ye-8-5M *Vega 5VK *Venera 4V-1 *Venera 4V-2 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Molniya (rocket)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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